Public relations is the art of crafting and delivering messages that inform and persuade the public, and get people to change opinions or take action.
Public relations (PR for short) is often done to generate publicity and promote a business. A typical PR campaign might focus on getting a business covered on television or radio shows or featured in newspapers, websites, magazines or blogs.
Public relations firms play a crucial role in managing and improving public perception by orchestrating positive press and managing social media narratives.
Today, the lines are blurring between the traditional definition of public relations and other forms of marketing.
“In practice, public relations is a multistrategy, multitactical means of reaching various external and internal target audiences, called ‘publics’ by practitioners. Public relations enables you to deliver messages that inform, educate, and create or change opinions, attitudes and actions that have an impact on your objectives,” write Roman Hiebing and Scott Cooper in their book, The Successful Marketing Plan (3rd Edition, McGraw Hill).
But, you might be thinking, that sounds so broad. Can you be more specific about the definition of public relations? And how exactly does public relations differ from marketing as a whole and various marketing techniques?
Definition and Overview
Public relations (PR) is a strategic communication process that builds mutually beneficial relationships between organizations and their publics. It is a management function that involves anticipating, analyzing, and interpreting public opinion, as well as counseling management, developing programs, and planning and implementing efforts to influence or change public policy. The goal of public relations is to contribute to the way an organization is perceived by its key stakeholders, including customers, investors, employees, and the general public.
Public Relations: Communication is Key
At its core, public relations is about communicating. PR is about the messages the company communicates – and its ability to persuade others to voluntarily adopt or share those messages.
In large corporations, for example, the executive responsible for public relations might hold a title like Vice President of Communications. A public relations manager, on the other hand, plays a strategic role in managing communication and public perception. They are responsible for crafting press releases, coordinating media outreach, and developing communication strategies. Gaining experience through internships is crucial for career growth in this field.
Some people try to diminish PR by calling it spin or buzz. But putting a spin on something or making it interesting enough to generate buzz are not bad things. They are valuable techniques in a PR pro’s toolbag.
Then there are those who define PR as corporate propaganda. But that’s wrong because the word propaganda suggests a deliberate intention to mislead. Effective public relations is ethical and factually accurate. The goal is not to lie, because that could backfire spectacularly when the truth comes out (and eventually it will).
Rather, the goal of effective PR is to present truthful messages – just framed positively for your brand.
A perfect example is the rhetorical question: is the glass half full or half empty? Both are correct. But only one way presents the message positively. Words matter.
The best communications are relevant and timely. Are you sending the right message at the right time?
That’s why a technique like newsjacking can be effective PR. Newsjacking is about capitalizing on a current event in the news to gain attention. When you think about it, newsjacking is a very good way to appeal to press outlets and captivate your end customer. After all, people are going to be more interested in current events than in a plain-vanilla business message. Newsjacking can convert a message from “meh” to “WOW”.
Types of Public Relations
There are several types of public relations, each focusing on different aspects of an organization’s communication needs:
- Media Relations: This involves building and maintaining relationships with journalists, bloggers, and other media professionals to secure media coverage for an organization. Effective media relations can help shape public perception and increase visibility.
- Government Relations: This type of PR focuses on building and maintaining relationships with government officials and agencies to influence public policy and legislation. It is crucial for organizations that operate in heavily regulated industries or seek to impact public policy.
- Community Relations: This involves engaging with local communities and organizations to promote an organization’s image and reputation. Strong community relations can foster goodwill and support from the local population.
- Investor Relations: This type of PR is about communicating with investors and analysts to promote an organization’s financial performance and prospects. It helps build trust and confidence among current and potential investors.
- Crisis Communications: This involves managing an organization’s response to a crisis or emergency situation to minimize damage to its reputation. Effective crisis communications can help an organization navigate through challenging times and maintain public trust.
The Role of Public Relations Specialists
Public relations specialists play a crucial role in building and maintaining a positive public image for their clients. They use various media channels, including social media platforms, to promote their clients’ interests and build mutually beneficial relationships with key stakeholders. Public relations specialists must have strong communication skills, be able to think critically and creatively, and be able to work effectively under pressure. Their work involves crafting press releases, organizing events, and managing media inquiries to ensure their clients are portrayed positively in the public eye.
Skills Needed for PR
To be successful in public relations, individuals need to have a range of skills, including:
- Strong Communication Skills: Public relations specialists must be able to communicate effectively with a range of stakeholders, including journalists, government officials, and the general public. Clear and persuasive communication is key to conveying the right message.
- Critical Thinking Skills: Public relations specialists must be able to think critically and creatively to develop effective communication strategies and respond to crisis situations. They need to analyze situations and come up with innovative solutions.
- Problem-Solving Skills: Public relations specialists must be able to analyze problems and develop effective solutions to maintain a positive public image. This involves quick thinking and the ability to handle unexpected challenges.
- Social Media Skills: Public relations specialists must be able to use social media platforms effectively to promote their clients’ interests and build mutually beneficial relationships with key stakeholders. Understanding how to leverage social media for PR purposes is essential in today’s digital age.
Why Is Public Relations Important?
Public relations is important because it helps organizations build and maintain a positive public image, which is essential for their success. A positive public image can help an organization attract customers, investors, and top talent and can also help it to build trust and credibility with its stakeholders. Public relations can also help an organization manage its reputation and respond to crisis situations, which can help to minimize damage to its reputation and maintain public trust. In essence, effective public relations can be a powerful tool for achieving business goals and fostering long-term success.
What Public Relations Is Not: A Strategic Communication Process
No piece defining “what is public relations” would be complete without addressing what PR is not. A public relations professional plays a crucial role in managing communications between organizations and their various stakeholders, ensuring positive perceptions and maintaining the organization’s reputation.
In the following sections, we will look at how the definition of public relations differs from marketing and other promotional activities. There are distinct differences.
- One difference is the form of the messaging.
- Another difference is whether you go directly to your target market or work through the media or influencers.
We’ll explore those and other differences in the rest of this article.
Let’s start with a picture – which is worth a thousand words as they say. The image below is loosely based on a famous image defining common forms of marketing. This is our fun updated take on public relations vs marketing in general and specific types of marketing.
Public Relations vs. Marketing
Let’s first look at the relationship between marketing and public relations.
According to the American Marketing Association, “Marketing is the activity, set of institutions, and processes for creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging offerings that have value for customers, clients, partners, and society at large.”
Notice how BIG that definition is. Marketing is much broader than public relations. Marketing involves communicating but is more comprehensive.
Public relations professionals engage in strategic communication to shape an organization’s public image, manage crises, and maintain relationships with key stakeholders across various industries.
To better understand, let’s step back and look at marketing a different way, through the lens of the five Ps. The 5 Ps of marketing is shorthand for a framework to think about everything marketing involves. It started back in the 1960s as the 4 Ps when marketing professor E. Jerome McCarthy coined the term. Later, someone added a fifth P.
Today, the 5 Ps of marketing refer to:
- Product (differentiation, appearance, packaging)
- Price (price, discounts, credit terms)
- Promotion (advertising, PR, sponsorships)
- Place (distribution channels, markets)
- People (customer service, employee skills)
Everything you do in marketing falls under one of these Ps. Public relations has traditionally fit under the P for “promotion.”
Looking at the five Ps, can you see how much broader marketing is than public relations?
Stated differently, it isn’t public relations vs. marketing. Rather, think of it as how to fit public relations in marketing. Your marketing plan should include public relations. But PR should not be your entire marketing plan.
Public Relations vs. Advertising
“The primary difference between public relations and advertising is that advertising is a paid form of media. PR results are an earned form of media,” said Saru Saadeh, Co-founder & CEO of AdRobin in an exclusive interview.
Professional organizations like the Public Relations Society of America provide ethical guidelines and standards for PR practitioners, ensuring integrity and trust in various PR roles.
You may have heard the term “owned, earned and paid media.” It is a way of thinking about your content and messaging:
- Owned media is content and brand assets like images that you create.
- Earned is when others share your messages voluntarily. Securing a story in the Wall Street Journal after sending out a PR pitch is an example of earned media from public relations.
- Paid media is advertising. You are paying to place or amplify your messages.
Advertising can include traditional advertisements in print publications. Or it can include digital ads in Google, on websites and on social media.
When it comes to public relations vs. advertising, PR has some powerful advantages:
More Neutral
PR is more neutral, points out Saadeh. A third party such as a newspaper or website journalist is sharing your message, and usually is perceived as trustworthy.
More Budget Friendly
You don’t have to pay for PR messages. Remember, it’s “earned” media.
More Longevity
Your messages will last longer than an ad campaign. Articles mentioning your brand may live on for a long time through search engines.
| Aspect | Public Relations (PR) | Advertising |
|---|---|---|
| Nature of Media | Earned form of media (voluntarily shared messages). | Paid form of media (messages are placed or amplified through payment). |
| Media Types | Coverage in newspapers, websites, and other media outlets. | Traditional print ads, digital ads (Google, websites, social media), etc. |
| Message Neutrality | More neutral perception as messages come from third parties (journalists). | Message control with less neutrality, as it's paid content. |
| Cost | Generally, no direct cost for PR messages (earned media). | Requires a budget for creating and placing ads. |
| Longevity | PR messages have longer-lasting impact, often visible in search results. | Ad campaigns have a specific duration and may not have long-term visibility. |
However, PR also has three disadvantages vs. advertising:
Less Control
PR is communication targeted toward intermediaries such as journalists, influencers, and analysts. You won’t have control over what these intermediaries say or how they interpret your messages. With advertising, on the other hand, you have complete control over your message, including the design and written copy.
Less Targeting
With advertising, you can target those who see your message. “Although some may argue that you can achieve targeted placement through PR, the degree of this is certainly higher with digital advertising. For example, you may choose to show ads to people who search for a specific keyword on Google. Or on Facebook, you may choose to target specific locations, interests, and behaviors that characterize your target audience, using the Facebook Ads Manager,” Saadeh adds.
Less Tracking
The third disadvantage of public relations is the lack of specificity in tracking and reporting. PR efforts are trackable, but not to the degree of paid advertising, which allows the use of custom links, conversion funnels, and budget optimization.
Because of the advantages and disadvantages, he advocates using both advertising and PR. “In addition to running an advertising campaign in parallel with PR efforts around the same message, we have found that small businesses succeed by applying advertising spend to the press articles themselves. Multi-channel syndication of the PR results, including paid ads on that content, allows for a wider and stronger brand presence online.”
| Aspect | PR | Advertising |
|---|---|---|
| Advantages | ||
| More Neutral | Third-party sharing is perceived as trustworthy. | Complete control over the message. |
| More Budget Friendly | Earned" media, no direct cost for messages. | Requires budget for ad campaigns. |
| More Longevity | Messages last longer, live on in search engines. | Ad campaigns have a set duration. |
| Disadvantages | ||
| Less Control | Limited control over message interpretation. | Full control over message design and copy. |
| Less Targeting | Limited targeting compared to digital advertising. | Precise targeting options (e.g., demographics, keywords). |
| Less Tracking | Tracking is less specific compared to paid advertising. | Advanced tracking, custom links, conversion funnels. |
Public Relations Professionals vs. Social Media
When it comes to public relations vs. social media, the line is extremely blurry.
Savvy PR professionals and business owners know how to leverage social media to generate buzz and publicity. They use social platforms like Facebook, Twitter and LinkedIn to communicate positive brand messages.
Public understanding is crucial in engaging stakeholders and influencing public opinion through social media. PR practitioners aim to enhance awareness and foster mutual relationships between organizations and the public through clear communication strategies and content creation.
Also, a large part of social media involves influencer marketing. That’s really about communicating with the people who communicate with and are trusted by consumers.
Refer to the image above for a lighthearted look at how social media differs from PR and marketing yet has similarities.
Content Marketing vs. Public Relations
Content marketing is about creating and distributing content for marketing purposes. Content could be articles, ebooks, videos, blog posts, podcasts and more.
In one sense, this definition of content marketing sounds a bit similar to that of public relations. Both are about communicating.
A public relations specialist plays a crucial role in shaping public opinion and maintaining an organization’s reputation. But content marketing is broader than public relations – that is the difference. With PR, you are crafting messages with the goal to shape public perception and attitudes. With content marketing, the main goal of the content you create may or may not be to shape brand perception.
For example, you might engage in content marketing to:
- Generate sales leads: Email-gated content such as an ebook can help collect sales lead information to follow up on.
- Improve search engine optimization: Content marketing can attract links and build a more authoritative website.
- Increase social feed reach: Content marketing may be done to pump up interaction with your social feeds. For example, sharing funny cat images on Facebook isn’t directly about your brand. But increased engagement can trip the social feed algorithm, causing Facebook to organically display your other brand-oriented messages to more people.
In summary, content marketing often supports PR goals. But content marketing goes beyond public relations.
Event Marketing vs. PR
Event marketing is often considered a type of public relations. Holding a webinar, seminar or client event builds brand awareness. It helps reinforce a positive impression about your company.
Personal networking at third-party events is also a form of public relations. When you go to a conference and meet people, it establishes and reinforces your personal brand.
Some businesses make it a specific goal for the founder or another executive to establish a reputation for thought leadership on behalf of the company. Having that person speak at industry events is a key way to build brand recognition and credibility.
Event marketing is about generating a memorable experience and in that way shaping positive sentiment. Can you see the relationship to public relations?
Cause Related Marketing vs. Public Relations
Here’s another question: what is the difference between cause marketing and public relations? Answer: one supports the other. “Supporting a cause creates a message that gives PR a purpose, an engine to amplify the cause marketing efforts, and sparks an interesting conversation. They work hand in hand,” says Saadeh.
Putting weight behind a cause such as a charity or a social issue is an opportunity to get media coverage. It shapes public sentiment about a brand by forging a connection with others who believe in the cause.
“Cause marketing and PR heavily overlap,” says Saadeh. “As a small business, it’s important to tell the world (or local community) how you are a positive force.”
Cause marketing can take a while to show results. But put a PR campaign behind it and you may get faster results.
In the end, though, you must be authentic. Don’t lose sight of the main purpose of supporting a cause, asserts Saadeh. “It helps the world. That’s the most important thing.”
Don’t Overthink It
Finally, don’t get hung up on searching for the perfect answer to “what is public relations”.
A public relations definition is good only insofar as it helps you learn how to do public relations to meet business goals.
Develop a basic understanding of what PR is all about, and the differences between public relations and other forms of marketing. Then you’ll be positioned to jump in and develop a PR approach for your startup, small business, corporation or nonprofit organization.
Images: original Small Business Trends infographic; DepositPhotos,
This article, "What is Public Relations?" was first published on Small Business Trends
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